See the sections on The Mechanisms at Work in RMTA and The Definition of a Social Movement.  [Back]

FMSF does not criticize any specific association per se, but rather the theories espoused.  [Back]

 If recognition of this issue has not thus far mobilized individuals into forming a social movement, it is in part because FMSF is fighting the spread of concepts they deem to be unethical while being unaware of some of the organizations disseminating them.  [Back]

These effects of disposition and situation have been fully discussed by Raymond Boudon, Effets Pervers et Ordre Social, Paris, P.U.F., 1977, 1979.  [Back]

My level of competence in this domain permits me neither to judge nor to side with one thesis or the other.  I hope that scientists who are better-adapted and higher-placed than I will study the many subtle dimensions of the issues in question and eventually take a stand.  I hope that this analysis will contribute to that effort.  [Back]

Stoetzel, La Psychologie Sociale, Paris, Flammarion, 1978.  [Back]

R. J. Lifton, Thought Reform and the Psychology of Totalism (), University of North Carolina Press, 1989, p.13 (originally published by Norton in 1961).  [Back]

Ibid, Chapter 22 on Ideological Totalism, p. 419.  [Back]

L. Althusser, Les appareils ideologiques d'etat, Positions, Paris, Editions Sociales, 1976.  [Back]

R. Aron, L'Opium des Intellectuels (), Westport, Greenwood Press, 1977.  [Back]

K. Marx, Contribution à La critique de I'économie politique, Paris, Editions Sociales, 1957, p.309.  [Back]

E. Erikson, Insight and Responsibility (), New York, W. W. Norton Company, 1961, pp. 92-93.  [Back]

Lifton, op. cit., p.5.  [Back]

M. T. Singer, Therapy with ex-cult members, Journal of the National Association of Private Psychiatric Hospitals, 1978.  As cited in M. Lisman & S. Tanenhaus, Cult as Restrictive Group: Assessing Individuals During Recruitment, Indoctrination and Departure, project for the degree of Master of Social Work, Spring, 1988, California State University at Sacramento.  [Back]

For Habermas, of the School of Frankfurt, the legitimacy of any norm can be judged in relation to the rules of practical discursive argumentation, which define an ideal discourse whose only valid influence is the force of argumentation.  "Briefly, at stake in the new conflicts are not the problems of distribution but the grammar of the forms of existence."  See Theorie de l'Agir Communicationnel, 1981, and Discours Philosohique sur la Modernite, 1986.  [Back]

Lifton, op. cit., p.419.  [Back]

President of the American Society for Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis.  [Back]

S. Mulhern, Satanism and psychotherapy: A rumor in search of an inquisition. In J. T. Richardson, J. Best, & D. C. Bromley (Eds.), The Satanism Scare ()() (pp.145-172). New York, Aldine De Gruyter, 1991.  [Back]

Lifton, op. cit., pp. 420-421.  [Back]

R. P. Kluft, The simulation and dissimulation of multiple personality disorder, American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 30, 1987, 104-118.  [Back]

Dr. Kluft and other doctors herein discussed do not belong to RMTA.  Their relation is indirect, in that they share the association's methods and theses.  Their work does, however, influence RMTA, and RMTA in turn influences the medical world by disseminating the theories.  [Back]

Personal communication with Margaret Singer.  [Back]

E. Durkheim, Individus et intellectuels, 1898.  [Back]

H. Dreyfus and S. Dreyfus, Mind Over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer (), Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1986.  [Back]

D. A. Schon, The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action (), London: Temple Smith, 1983.  [Back]

R. K. Merton, Sociological Ambivalence and Other Essays (), New York, Free Press, 1976.  [Back]

See M. T. Singer's Cults in Our Midst ()(), San Francisco, Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1995, especially Part 11, Chapter 7, 167-172, and Part 11, Chapter 5, on the concept of deception.  [Back]

T. Sarbin, A Narrative Approach to 'Repressed Memory,' Address at the spring meeting of the Midcoast Psychological Association, April 15, 1994.  [Back]

T. T. Paterson, Management Theory, London, Business Publications Inc., 1966. as quoted in Sarbin, op. cit., p.10.  [Back]

Sarbin, op. cit., p.10.  [Back]

Singer, Cults in Our Midst ()(), op cit.  [Back]

Satanic Ritual Abuse is a form of sexual abuse which includes a Satanic as well as a sexually abusive dimension.  SRA exhibits all the diagnoses and methodologies concerning repressed memory, MPD, etc.  Certain proponents of RMTA's theories, including Corydon Hammond and Roland Summit, assert that Satanic cults exist throughout the United States and are responsible for the systematic and ongoing sexual abuse of thousands, perhaps millions, of Americans, including children.  [Back]

D. Sexton, a proponent of RMTA's theories, as quoted by S. Mulhern, op. cit., p. 159.  [Back]

Lifton, op. cit., "a disruption of balance between self and outside world," p.421.  [Back]

J. M. Ferry, Les Puissances de l'Experience, Passages Collection, Editions du Cerf, Volumes 1 & 2, 1988, p. 110.  [Back]

Lifton, op. cit., p. 422.  [Back]

Ibid., p. 422.  [Back]

Ibid., pp. 422-423. In her recent book, Margaret Singer expresses this same idea: "Cults tend to have a double set of ethics.  Members are urged to be open and honest within the group and to confess all to the leader.  At the same time, members are encouraged to deceive and manipulate non-members." See Cults in Our Midst, Part 1, Chapter 1, 9.  [Back]

Ibid., p. 423.  [Back]

Ibid., p. 423.  [Back]

R. Fredrickson, Repressed Memories - A Journey to Recovery from Sexual Abuse (), Old Tappan, NJ, Simon and Schuster, 1992, p. 94.  [Back]

M. A. Persinger, Neuropsychological profiles of adults who report 'sudden remembering' of early childhood memories: Implications for claims of sex abuse and alien visitation/abduction, Experiences Perceptual and Motor Skills, 75, 1992, 259-266.  [Back]

R. C. Summit, "Recognition of Cult Phenomena in M.P.D."  Presentation at the Fourth International Conference on Multiple Personality and Dissociative States.  As cited by L. Hedges, "Taking Recovered Memories Seriously." Issues In Child Abuse Accusations, 6(1), 1994, p. 33.  [Back]

Lifton, op. cit., pp. 423-424.  [Back]

C. Hammond, Satanic Cults, Transcript of a presentation from April, 1994, 4.  [Back]

D. Sexton, Gaining Insight into the Complexity of Ritualistic Abuse, The Eighth National Conference on Child Abuse and Neglect, Tape 28, as cited by Mulhern, op. cit., 163.  [Back]

Lifton, op. cit., p.425.  [Back]

F. W. Putnam, Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder (), New York, Guilford, 1989, p. 154.  [Back]

Ibid., p. 173-174.  [Back]

C. G. Fine, Treatment stabilization and crisis prevention: Pacing the therapy of the MPD patient, Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 14, 1991, 661-675; R. P. Kluft, op. cit.; C. A. Ross, & P. Graham, Techniques in the treatment of MPD. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 42, 1988, 40-52.  [Back]

Lifton, op. cit., pp. 425-426.  [Back]

Ibid., p. 427.  [Back]

Ibid., p. 428.  [Back]

F. H. Frankel, 1993, as cited in R. Ofshe & M. T. Singer, Recovered memory therapy and robust repression: Influence and pseudomemories. International Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 42(4), 1994, 391- 410.  [Back]

Lifton, op. cit., p. 429.  [Back]

Lifton, op. cit., pp. 429-430.  [Back]

K. Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia (), London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960, 49-50.  [Back]

K. Thompson, Beliefs and Ideology (), Chichester, Ellis Horwood, 1986, p. 60.  [Back]

A. Camus, L'Hommé Revolté (), Paris, 1951.  [Back]

R. Aron, L'Opium des Intellectuels (), Westport, Greenwood Press, 1977, p. 309.  [Back]

T. W. Adorno, E. Frenkel-Brunswik, D. J. Levinson and R. N. Stanford, The Authoritarian Personality (), New York, Harper and Row, 1950.  [Back]

Lifton, op. cit., p. 430.  [Back]

Fredrickson, op cit., p. 23.  [Back]

Lifton, op. cit., p. 431.  [Back]

Ibid., p. 435.  [Back]

R. C. Johnson, Parallels between recollections of repressed childhood sex abuse, kidnappings by space aliens, and the 1692 Salem witch Hunts, Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 6(1), 1994, 41-47.  [Back]

Lifton, op. cit., p. 421.  [Back]

Erik Erikson worked this way.  [Back]

R. Dahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society (), Stanford University Press, 1959.  [Back]

M. Weber, Economy and Society (), Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978, p. 212.  [Back]

Ibid.  [Back]

Ibid., p. 242.  [Back]

For Weber, formal legitimacy necessitates two things: externally imposed constraints and a simultaneous autonomy of the subject which allows him to freely accept these constraints.  [Back]

Weber, op cit., p. 242.  [Back]

Johnson, op. cit., p. 43.  [Back]

Weber, op. cit., p. 243.  [Back]

Contributions are not always requested, apparently.  When I introduced myself to the trainer as a foreign student, I was invited to the seminar for free.  The trainer expressed the view that it is RMTA's duty to spread its theories to as many people as possible.  [Back]

Weber, op. cit., p. 244.  [Back]

Ibid., p. 244.  [Back]

Ibid., p. 245.  [Back]

C. L. Strauss, Las Structures Elémentaires de La Parenté, 2e edition Mouton, Paris, L. Haye.  [Back]

We must remember the context in which the events are unfolding.  All the university research centers, especially in France, claim that this regrouping has been underway for several decades.  However, we no longer possess the codes with which to properly analyze the family structure.  [Back]

Weber, op. cit., p. 245.  [Back]

N. Elias, La Societe de Cour, Paris, Flammarion, 1978.  [Back]

Ibid., p. 123.  [Back]

Ibid., p. 124.  [Back]

A. Touraine, La Voix et le Regard, Paris, Le Seuil, 1978, p. 103.  [Back]

Ibid.  [Back]

Ibid., p. 106.  [Back]

A. Touraine, Production de La Societe, Paris, Editions du Seuil, 1973, p.154.  [Back]

American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III-R ()(), Washington, DC, 1987.  [Back]

American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV ()(), Washington, DC, 1994.  [Back]

See, for example, R. Aldridge-Morris, Multiple Personality: An Exercise in Deception ()(), Hillsdale, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989.  [Back]

See the work of E. Loftus, The Myth of Repressed Memory: False Memories and Allegations of Sexual Abuse (), E. Loftus and K. Ketcham, New York, St. Martin's Press, 1994.  [Back]

I offer this as an hypothesis, but it would require a system of cooperative collaboration.  [Back]

Touraine, La Voix et le Regard, op. cit., p. 114.  [Back]

R. J. Ofshe & M. T. Singer, "Recovered memory therapy and robust repression: Influence and pseudomemories," International Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 42(4), 1994, 391-410.  [Back]

R. Summit, The child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome, Child Abuse & Neglect, 7, 1983, 177493.  [Back]

A proposal for such an organization is being prepared and will be submitted to the Clinton administration.  [Back]

FMS Foundation Newsletter, March, 1994, under "Frequently Asked Questions.  [Back]

C. Whitfield, Healing the Child Within () (), as quoted in the FMS Foundation Newsletter, 2.  [Back]

A. Touraine, La Voix et le Regard, op cit., pp. 107-124.  [Back]

M. Gardner, Notes of a fringe-watcher: The false memory syndrome, Skeptical Inquirer, 17, 1993, 370-375.  [Back]

Ibid., p. 375.  [Back]

S.  Gruze, Why Psychiatry is a Branch of Medicine (), New York, Oxford University Press, 1992, as quoted by Margaret Singer.  [Back]

R. J. Ofshe, The emerging crisis of recovered memory therapy, submitted to the Harvard Mental Health Letter, p. 4.  [Back]

D. Lagache, L'Unite de la Psychologie, Presse Universitaire de France, 1931 (first edition), 1988, p. 31.  [Back]

M. T. Singer, Therapist zeal and pseudomemories: Consultation with families of cultists.  In L. C. Wynne, S. H. McDaniel, and T. T. Weber, (Eds.), Systems Consultation: A New Perspective for Family Therapy (). New York, Guilford Press, 1986.  [Back]

Lagache, op. cit., p. 35.  [Back]

Ibid., p. 38.  [Back]

FMS Foundation Newsletter, April 5, 1994.  [Back]

R. Ofshe and E. Watters, Making monsters — Psychotherapy's new error: Repressed memory, multiple personality and satanic abuse, Society, March/April, 1993, 4-16 (p.4).  [Back]

Ofshe & Singer, 1994, op. cit.  [Back]

American Psychiatric Association, 1987, op. cit., p. 394.  [Back]

A. Piper Jr., Amytal interviews and recovered memories of sexual abuse: A note, Issues in Child Abuse Accusations, 6(1), 39-40.  [Back]

M. Orne, W. G. Whitehouse, D. F. Dinges and E. C. Orne. (1988). Reconstructing memory through hypnosis: Forensic and clinical applications.  In H. M. Pettinate (Ed.), Hypnosis and Memory () (pp. 21-63), New York, Guilford Press, 1988, (p.53).  [Back]

L W. Daly, & J. F. Pacifico, Opening the doors to the past: Decade delayed disclosure of memories of years gone by, The Champion, 1991, December, pp. 43-47.  [Back]

Ferry, op. cit., Volume 1, p. 154.  [Back]

Ibid., p. 114.  [Back]

A. Touraine, Pour la Sociologie, Paris: Editions du Seuil, "Points" Collection, 1974, p. 113.  [Back]

See for example H. G. Pope, B. Mangweth, A. B. Negrao, J. I. Hudson, & T. A. Cordas, Childhood sexual abuse and Bulimia Nervosa: A comparison of American, Austrian, and Brazilian women, American Journal of Psychiatry, in press; F. Jonker, & P. Jonker-Bakker, Experiences with ritualistic child sexual abuse: A case study from the Netherlands, Child Abuse and Neglect, 15, 1991, 191-196.  [Back]

Ferry, op. cit., Volume 1, p. 125.  [Back]

A. Touraine, Sociologie de l'Action, Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1965; La Conscience Ourriere, Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1966.  [Back]

One of the most commonly observed methods is that of mixing logical, irrefutable facts with notions grounded in the belief system or doctrine.  [Back]